Finally, "Transcendental Memory" examines memorization as an ultimate manifestation of the Werktreue (true-to-work) spirit-a veneration of the canonized work reflecting the performer's scrupulous study and internalization of the score. Next, "Virtuosic Memory" considers memorization as an enhancement to virtuosic acts as superhuman and sublime. The first chapter "Innate Memory" considers memory as an inherent aspect of any musical experience, and surveys the general shift from oral culture (based on memory) to literal culture (based on writing). These include the rise and fall of virtuosos, the emergence of non-composing performers and non-performing composers, the establishment of the musical canon, the ritualization of concerts and the disappearance of the art of improvisation. Its significance becomes apparent when considered with several other notable changes that coincided with the development of performance practice. This study examines the genesis of memorization as a piano performance practice, contextualizing it within the major technological, political, aesthetic, and philosophical movements of the nineteenth century.
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